IS MODERN SOCIETY RATIONAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IS MODERN SOCIETY RATIONAL - Essay ExampleEvidence of their influence may be found in many features of modernisation theory the frequent use of divided subject constructions and models such as social differentiation and social system an emphasis upon the ability to adapt to gradual, unremitting transport as the normal condition of stability the attribution of causal priority to immanent sources of change and the analysis of social change as a directional bring (Tipps, 1973, p 199-226).Tipps also notes that modernization has been employed mainly as an inclusive rather than discriminating concept. It is used to summarize a dandy many phenomena rather than to discriminate what is modern from other conditions. The level of analysis which is of crucial theoretical significance is that of order and culture--the national state is normally the focus of interest.Finally, Tipps classified modernization theories into two types, the critical protean and the dichotomous theories. The first type in volves a single kind of change, such as systematisation or industrialization, and the term modernization becomes virtually synonymous with the critical variable. The second type is more common, and involves the abut of transformation of traditional societies into modern ones. The process, then, is defined in terms of the end goal, and the end goal is often a nation very similar to those in the contemporary West (Lauer, 1977, pp 304-310). The empirical go over argues that modernization theory contains empirical errors or lacunae. Thus, Tipps points out that the theories tend to ignore the impact of forces external to the changing society to stereotype the meaning of traditional to ignore the diverse kinds and diverse experiences of so-called traditional societies and to overemphasize the dichotomous nature of tradition and modernity. Parkin states a recent critical shift has been away from explanation to description, while this is a matter of degree, the movement a way from functionalism has lessened our preparedness to explain how the other works in favor of describing it. (1982, pg. xiii). Finally, the metatheoretical critique offered by Tipps involves the choices made by the theorists in building their systems of thought. We have already noted the tendency to operate modernization an inclusive rather than a discriminating concept. This choice toward inclusiveness, argues Tipps, has led the theorists to make the concept unparsimonious and vague. The concept has lost contact with the empirical reality to which it supposedly key outs, and at the same time it is used to refer to an incredible number of changes at virtually all levels of social reality (Lauer, 1977, pp 304-310). Thus, Tipps call for a redirection of modernization theory. There are, of course, some efforts in that direction. Frank himself, along with a number of other scholars, is viewing the process of modernization in Marxist terms. There have been other efforts to look at mo dernization at the individual level in terms of cognitive transformation. No theory has yet been